| Dynamic Programming (DP) is an algorithmic that solves a given complex problem by breaking it into subproblems and stores the results of subproblems to avoid computing the same results again for another subproblems. Just make use of the previously computed result by storing and by this complexity will be reduced. Usually we used to write a recursive call for getting list of Fibonacci series or to get the nth element in Fibonacci series. Here we will see simple recursive method for getting nth Fibonacci number with and without dynamic programming and latter will compare the benefits of using DP. |  |
Find nth Fibonacci number using recursive:
public class Fibonacci { static int i = 0; public static void main(String[] args) { int n = 10; int val = fibo(n); System.out.println("No. of recursive calls : "+i); System.out.println(n +"th Fibonacci number : "+val); } public static int fibo(int n) { System.out.println("CALL ::: "+ (++i) + " - n: "+n); if(n<=2) { return 1; } else { int f = fibo(n-1) + fibo(n-2); return f; } } }
OUTPUT:
CALL ::: 1 - n: 10 CALL ::: 2 - n: 9 CALL ::: 3 - n: 8 CALL ::: 4 - n: 7 CALL ::: 5 - n: 6 CALL ::: 6 - n: 5 CALL ::: 7 - n: 4 CALL ::: 8 - n: 3 CALL ::: 9 - n: 2 CALL ::: 10 - n: 1 CALL ::: 11 - n: 2 CALL ::: 12 - n: 3 CALL ::: 13 - n: 2 CALL ::: 14 - n: 1 CALL ::: 15 - n: 4 CALL ::: 16 - n: 3 CALL ::: 17 - n: 2 CALL ::: 18 - n: 1 CALL ::: 19 - n: 2 CALL ::: 20 - n: 5 CALL ::: 21 - n: 4 CALL ::: 22 - n: 3 CALL ::: 23 - n: 2 CALL ::: 24 - n: 1 CALL ::: 25 - n: 2 CALL ::: 26 - n: 3 CALL ::: 27 - n: 2 CALL ::: 28 - n: 1 CALL ::: 29 - n: 6 CALL ::: 30 - n: 5 CALL ::: 31 - n: 4 CALL ::: 32 - n: 3 CALL ::: 33 - n: 2 CALL ::: 34 - n: 1 CALL ::: 35 - n: 2 CALL ::: 36 - n: 3 CALL ::: 37 - n: 2 CALL ::: 38 - n: 1 CALL ::: 39 - n: 4 CALL ::: 40 - n: 3 CALL ::: 41 - n: 2 CALL ::: 42 - n: 1 CALL ::: 43 - n: 2 CALL ::: 44 - n: 7 CALL ::: 45 - n: 6 CALL ::: 46 - n: 5 CALL ::: 47 - n: 4 CALL ::: 48 - n: 3 CALL ::: 49 - n: 2 CALL ::: 50 - n: 1 CALL ::: 51 - n: 2 CALL ::: 52 - n: 3 CALL ::: 53 - n: 2 CALL ::: 54 - n: 1 CALL ::: 55 - n: 4 CALL ::: 56 - n: 3 CALL ::: 57 - n: 2 CALL ::: 58 - n: 1 CALL ::: 59 - n: 2 CALL ::: 60 - n: 5 CALL ::: 61 - n: 4 CALL ::: 62 - n: 3 CALL ::: 63 - n: 2 CALL ::: 64 - n: 1 CALL ::: 65 - n: 2 CALL ::: 66 - n: 3 CALL ::: 67 - n: 2 CALL ::: 68 - n: 1 CALL ::: 69 - n: 8 CALL ::: 70 - n: 7 CALL ::: 71 - n: 6 CALL ::: 72 - n: 5 CALL ::: 73 - n: 4 CALL ::: 74 - n: 3 CALL ::: 75 - n: 2 CALL ::: 76 - n: 1 CALL ::: 77 - n: 2 CALL ::: 78 - n: 3 CALL ::: 79 - n: 2 CALL ::: 80 - n: 1 CALL ::: 81 - n: 4 CALL ::: 82 - n: 3 CALL ::: 83 - n: 2 CALL ::: 84 - n: 1 CALL ::: 85 - n: 2 CALL ::: 86 - n: 5 CALL ::: 87 - n: 4 CALL ::: 88 - n: 3 CALL ::: 89 - n: 2 CALL ::: 90 - n: 1 CALL ::: 91 - n: 2 CALL ::: 92 - n: 3 CALL ::: 93 - n: 2 CALL ::: 94 - n: 1 CALL ::: 95 - n: 6 CALL ::: 96 - n: 5 CALL ::: 97 - n: 4 CALL ::: 98 - n: 3 CALL ::: 99 - n: 2 CALL ::: 100 - n: 1 CALL ::: 101 - n: 2 CALL ::: 102 - n: 3 CALL ::: 103 - n: 2 CALL ::: 104 - n: 1 CALL ::: 105 - n: 4 CALL ::: 106 - n: 3 CALL ::: 107 - n: 2 CALL ::: 108 - n: 1 CALL ::: 109 - n: 2 No. of recursive calls : 109 10th Fibonacci number : 55
If we seen above output we can get to know that just for 10th Fibonacci number total 109 recursive calls made. Also in many cases like Fibo(4), Fibo(5), Fino(3) etc., are multiple times computed for same value. So here we need to use the power of Dynamic Programming to store the computed value and need to reuse the result if same value occurs again. By this we can avoid lot of iterations/recursive call's.
Lets see converting above program to Dynamic Programming by storing the computed value and reusing it again when its need. By this lets find out how many recursive calls made for getting 10th Fibonacci number.
Find nth Fibonacci number using Dynamic Programming:
import java.util.HashMap; public class Fibonacci { static int i = 0; static HashMap<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<>(); public static void main(String[] args) { int n = 10; int val = fibo(n); System.out.println("No. of recursive calls : "+i); System.out.println(n +"th Fibonacci number : "+val); } public static int fibo(int n) { if(map.containsKey(n)) return map.get(n); System.out.println("CALL ::: "+ (++i) + " - n: "+n); if(n<=2) { map.put(n, 1); return 1; } else { int f = fibo(n-1) + fibo(n-2); map.put(n, f); return f; } } }
OUTPUT:
CALL ::: 1 - n: 10 CALL ::: 2 - n: 9 CALL ::: 3 - n: 8 CALL ::: 4 - n: 7 CALL ::: 5 - n: 6 CALL ::: 6 - n: 5 CALL ::: 7 - n: 4 CALL ::: 8 - n: 3 CALL ::: 9 - n: 2 CALL ::: 10 - n: 1 No. of recursive calls : 10 10th Fibonacci number : 55
Now we can compare the no. of recursive calls made my 1st program and 2nd program exactly to get the same output of 10th Fibonacci number. If we see 1st program taken 109 recursive calls and 2nd dynamic program taken only 10 recursive calls for same problem and output.
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